backend/src/lib/bookingCleanup.ts

@@ -5,11 +5,20 @@
 // abandoned checkout would otherwise hold those seats forever. This job cancels
 // pending tickets whose payment is still 'pending' (i.e. never paid and not
 // awaiting admin approval) after a configurable TTL, freeing the seats.
+//
+// Two exclusions:
+//   - Manual-verification providers (bank transfer / TPago / cash) are never
+//     auto-failed; they are settled by an admin and instead follow the 72h on-hold
+//     sweep. See holdSweep.ts and MANUAL_PAYMENT_PROVIDERS.
+//   - Staleness is measured from `updatedAt`, not `createdAt`, so an admin action
+//     (e.g. reopening a payment to 'pending' via /reopen) restarts the TTL rather
+//     than being immediately re-failed on the next run.
 
-import { and, eq, lt, inArray } from 'drizzle-orm';
+import { and, eq, lt, inArray, notInArray } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { db, dbAll, tickets, payments } from '../db/index.js';
 import { getNow, toDbDate } from './utils.js';
 import { getLock } from './stores/lock.js';
+import { MANUAL_PAYMENT_PROVIDERS } from './manualProviders.js';
 
 function getTtlMs(): number {
   const minutes = parseInt(process.env.PENDING_BOOKING_TTL_MINUTES || '30', 10);
@@ -20,8 +29,9 @@ function getTtlMs(): number {
  * Cancel stale pending bookings. Returns the number of tickets cancelled.
  *
  * A booking is considered stale when its payment is still 'pending' (not
- * 'pending_approval', which means an admin is reviewing a manual transfer) and
- * older than PENDING_BOOKING_TTL_MINUTES.
+ * 'pending_approval', which means an admin is reviewing a manual transfer),
+ * uses a non-manual provider, and has not been touched (updatedAt) for
+ * PENDING_BOOKING_TTL_MINUTES.
  */
 export async function cleanupStalePendingBookings(): Promise<number> {
   const cutoff = toDbDate(new Date(Date.now() - getTtlMs()));
@@ -35,7 +45,8 @@ export async function cleanupStalePendingBookings(): Promise<number> {
       .from(payments)
       .where(and(
         eq((payments as any).status, 'pending'),
-        lt((payments as any).createdAt, cutoff)
+        notInArray((payments as any).provider, [...MANUAL_PAYMENT_PROVIDERS]),
+        lt((payments as any).updatedAt, cutoff)
       ))
   );
 

backend/src/lib/holdRecovery.ts

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-// Shared capacity-checked recovery for on-hold bookings.
+// Shared capacity-checked recovery for released bookings.
 //
-// When a booking is put on hold, its ticket(s) drop out of the capacity-counting
-// statuses ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in'), releasing the seat. Recovering
-// an on-hold booking (user "I've paid" again, or an admin reactivating / marking it
-// paid) must atomically re-check that the event still has room before re-reserving
-// the seat, exactly like the original booking-creation flow in routes/tickets.ts.
+// When a booking is put on hold (or failed/cancelled), its ticket(s) drop out of the
+// capacity-counting statuses ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in'), releasing the seat.
+// Recovering such a booking (user "I've paid" again, or an admin reactivating / marking
+// it paid / reopening a failed payment) must atomically re-check that the event still has
+// room before re-reserving the seat, exactly like the original booking-creation flow in
+// routes/tickets.ts.
+//
+// Callers choose which ticket statuses are eligible to be re-reserved via
+// `options.fromTicketStatuses` (default ['on_hold']); tickets not in that list — and
+// tickets that already hold a seat — are left untouched and don't consume capacity.
 
 import { eq, and, inArray, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { db, dbGet, tickets, payments, events, isSqlite } from '../db/index.js';
@@ -19,22 +24,29 @@ export class HoldCapacityError extends Error {
 interface ReserveOptions {
   paidByAdminId?: string;
   extraPaymentFields?: Record<string, any>;
+  /** Ticket statuses eligible to be flipped to targetTicketStatus. Default: ['on_hold']. */
+  fromTicketStatuses?: Array<'on_hold' | 'cancelled' | 'pending'>;
 }
 
 /**
- * Re-reserve seats for a group of on-hold tickets (e.g. all tickets sharing a
+ * Re-reserve seats for a group of released tickets (e.g. all tickets sharing a
  * bookingId), atomically re-checking capacity before flipping their status.
- * Throws HoldCapacityError if the event no longer has room for ticketIds.length seats.
+ * Only tickets whose current status is in `fromTicketStatuses` are flipped.
+ * Capacity is asserted against the number of those tickets that don't already
+ * hold a seat, so re-reserving tickets that are already seated is a no-op.
+ * Throws HoldCapacityError if the event no longer has room.
  */
 export async function reserveOnHoldBooking(
   eventId: string,
   ticketIds: string[],
   targetTicketStatus: 'pending' | 'confirmed',
-  targetPaymentStatus: 'pending_approval' | 'paid',
+  targetPaymentStatus: 'pending_approval' | 'paid' | 'pending',
   options: ReserveOptions = {}
 ): Promise<void> {
   if (ticketIds.length === 0) return;
 
+  const fromTicketStatuses = options.fromTicketStatuses ?? ['on_hold'];
+
   const event = await dbGet<any>(
     (db as any).select().from(events).where(eq((events as any).id, eventId))
   );
@@ -53,12 +65,15 @@ export async function reserveOnHoldBooking(
     if (options.paidByAdminId) paymentUpdate.paidByAdminId = options.paidByAdminId;
   }
 
-  const assertCapacity = (reserved: number) => {
+  // `needed` is how many of these tickets don't currently hold a seat and so must
+  // be found new capacity; tickets already in a seat-holding status cost nothing.
+  const assertCapacity = (reserved: number, needed: number) => {
+    if (needed <= 0) return;
     if (isEventSoldOut(event.capacity, reserved)) {
       throw new HoldCapacityError(0);
     }
     const seatsLeft = calculateAvailableSeats(event.capacity, reserved);
-    if (ticketIds.length > seatsLeft) {
+    if (needed > seatsLeft) {
       throw new HoldCapacityError(seatsLeft);
     }
   };
@@ -73,13 +88,21 @@ export async function reserveOnHoldBooking(
           sql`${(tickets as any).status} IN ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in')`
         ))
         .get();
-      assertCapacity(Number(countRow?.count || 0));
+      const neededRow = tx
+        .select({ count: sql<number>`count(*)` })
+        .from(tickets)
+        .where(and(
+          inArray((tickets as any).id, ticketIds),
+          sql`${(tickets as any).status} NOT IN ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in')`
+        ))
+        .get();
+      assertCapacity(Number(countRow?.count || 0), Number(neededRow?.count || 0));
 
       tx.update(tickets)
         .set({ status: targetTicketStatus })
         .where(and(
           inArray((tickets as any).id, ticketIds),
-          eq((tickets as any).status, 'on_hold')
+          inArray((tickets as any).status, fromTicketStatuses)
         ))
         .run();
 
@@ -99,13 +122,22 @@ export async function reserveOnHoldBooking(
             sql`${(tickets as any).status} IN ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in')`
           ))
       );
-      assertCapacity(Number(countRow?.count || 0));
+      const neededRow = await dbGet<any>(
+        tx
+          .select({ count: sql<number>`count(*)` })
+          .from(tickets)
+          .where(and(
+            inArray((tickets as any).id, ticketIds),
+            sql`${(tickets as any).status} NOT IN ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in')`
+          ))
+      );
+      assertCapacity(Number(countRow?.count || 0), Number(neededRow?.count || 0));
 
       await tx.update(tickets)
         .set({ status: targetTicketStatus })
         .where(and(
           inArray((tickets as any).id, ticketIds),
-          eq((tickets as any).status, 'on_hold')
+          inArray((tickets as any).status, fromTicketStatuses)
         ));
 
       await tx.update(payments)

backend/src/lib/holdSweep.ts

@@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
-// Auto-hold stale pending-approval bookings.
+// Auto-hold stale manual-payment bookings.
 //
-// A payment enters 'pending_approval' when a user clicks "I've paid" on a manual
-// payment method (bank transfer / TPago) and is waiting for an admin to review it.
-// If no admin acts within HOLD_THRESHOLD_HOURS, this job silently moves the payment
-// (and its ticket) to 'on_hold', which drops it out of the capacity-counting statuses
-// ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in') and so releases the seat back to the event.
-// The user receives no notification — they can recover via "I've paid" again, and an
-// admin can reactivate or mark it paid directly, both re-checking capacity.
+// This job releases the seat held by an abandoned manual-payment booking (bank
+// transfer / TPago / cash) after HOLD_THRESHOLD_HOURS. It covers two states, both of
+// which keep a seat reserved while awaiting a human:
+//   - 'pending_approval': the user clicked "I've paid" and is waiting for an admin.
+//   - 'pending' on a manual provider (see MANUAL_PAYMENT_PROVIDERS): the booking was
+//     never settled (these are exempt from the 30-min auto-fail in bookingCleanup.ts,
+//     so this is their only seat-release path).
+// In either case the payment (and its ticket) is silently moved to 'on_hold', which
+// drops it out of the capacity-counting statuses ('pending', 'confirmed', 'checked_in')
+// and so releases the seat back to the event. The user receives no notification — they
+// can recover via "I've paid" again, and an admin can reactivate or mark it paid
+// directly, both re-checking capacity.
 
-import { and, eq, lt, inArray } from 'drizzle-orm';
+import { and, or, eq, lt, inArray } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { db, dbAll, tickets, payments } from '../db/index.js';
 import { getNow, toDbDate } from './utils.js';
 import { getLock } from './stores/lock.js';
+import { MANUAL_PAYMENT_PROVIDERS } from './manualProviders.js';
 
 function getThresholdMs(): number {
   const hours = parseInt(process.env.HOLD_THRESHOLD_HOURS || '72', 10);
@@ -19,7 +25,8 @@ function getThresholdMs(): number {
 }
 
 /**
- * Move stale pending-approval payments (and their tickets) to 'on_hold'.
+ * Move stale awaiting-verification payments (and their tickets) to 'on_hold'.
+ * Covers 'pending_approval' payments and 'pending' payments on manual providers.
  * Returns the number of payments put on hold.
  */
 export async function sweepStaleApprovals(): Promise<number> {
@@ -33,7 +40,13 @@ export async function sweepStaleApprovals(): Promise<number> {
       })
       .from(payments)
       .where(and(
-        eq((payments as any).status, 'pending_approval'),
+        or(
+          eq((payments as any).status, 'pending_approval'),
+          and(
+            eq((payments as any).status, 'pending'),
+            inArray((payments as any).provider, [...MANUAL_PAYMENT_PROVIDERS])
+          )
+        ),
         lt((payments as any).createdAt, cutoff)
       ))
   );
@@ -59,7 +72,7 @@ export async function sweepStaleApprovals(): Promise<number> {
       ));
   }
 
-  console.log(`[HoldSweep] Put ${stale.length} stale pending-approval payment(s) on hold.`);
+  console.log(`[HoldSweep] Put ${stale.length} stale awaiting-verification payment(s) on hold.`);
   return stale.length;
 }
 

backend/src/lib/manualProviders.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// Payment providers that require a human to verify the money arrived.
+//
+// These methods (bank transfer / TPago / cash) are never auto-confirmed and —
+// crucially — are never auto-failed by the stale-booking cleanup: an admin settles
+// them by hand. Note this is broader than the set of methods that expose an online
+// "I've paid" step (bank transfer / TPago only); cash is settled at the door.
+export const MANUAL_PAYMENT_PROVIDERS = ['bank_transfer', 'tpago', 'cash'] as const;

backend/src/routes/payments.ts

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ const rejectPaymentSchema = z.object({
   sendEmail: z.boolean().optional().default(true),
 });
 
+const reopenPaymentSchema = z.object({
+  adminNote: z.string().optional(),
+});
+
 // Get all payments (admin) - with ticket and event details
 paymentsRouter.get('/', requireAuth(['admin']), async (c) => {
   const status = c.req.query('status');
@@ -232,10 +236,16 @@ paymentsRouter.put('/:id', requireAuth(['admin', 'organizer']), zValidator('json
     return c.json({ error: 'Payment not found' }, 404);
   }
   
+  // Confirming a failed payment must go through /approve, which re-checks event
+  // capacity before re-reserving the (previously released) seat. Block the raw path.
+  if (data.status === 'paid' && existing.status === 'failed') {
+    return c.json({ error: 'Use the approve action to confirm a failed payment' }, 400);
+  }
+
   const now = getNow();
-  
+
   const updateData: any = { ...data, updatedAt: now };
-  
+
   // If marking as paid, record who approved it and when
   if (data.status === 'paid' && existing.status !== 'paid') {
     updateData.paidAt = now;
@@ -321,8 +331,10 @@ paymentsRouter.post('/:id/approve', requireAuth(['admin', 'organizer']), zValida
     return c.json({ error: 'Payment not found' }, 404);
   }
   
-  // Can approve pending, pending_approval, or on_hold payments
-  if (!['pending', 'pending_approval', 'on_hold'].includes(payment.status)) {
+  // Can approve pending, pending_approval, on_hold, or failed payments.
+  // 'failed' covers an admin confirming a payment that was auto-failed or rejected
+  // in error; its tickets are cancelled, so recovery re-checks capacity below.
+  if (!['pending', 'pending_approval', 'on_hold', 'failed'].includes(payment.status)) {
     return c.json({ error: 'Payment cannot be approved in its current state' }, 400);
   }
 
@@ -350,16 +362,39 @@ paymentsRouter.post('/:id/approve', requireAuth(['admin', 'organizer']), zValida
     console.log(`[Payment] Approving multi-ticket booking: ${ticket.bookingId}, ${ticketsToConfirm.length} tickets`);
   }
 
-  if (payment.status === 'on_hold') {
-    // The seat was released when this booking went on hold - re-check capacity
-    // before confirming it directly.
+  // For a failed payment, only recover tickets whose own payment is also failed.
+  // This protects mixed bookings (e.g. a sibling ticket was refunded) from being
+  // resurrected or having its payment flipped to paid.
+  if (payment.status === 'failed') {
+    const bookingPayments = await dbAll<any>(
+      (db as any)
+        .select({ ticketId: (payments as any).ticketId, status: (payments as any).status })
+        .from(payments)
+        .where(inArray((payments as any).ticketId, ticketsToConfirm.map((t: any) => t.id)))
+    );
+    const failedTicketIds = new Set(
+      bookingPayments.filter((p: any) => p.status === 'failed').map((p: any) => p.ticketId)
+    );
+    ticketsToConfirm = ticketsToConfirm.filter((t: any) => failedTicketIds.has(t.id));
+    if (ticketsToConfirm.length === 0) {
+      return c.json({ error: 'Payment cannot be approved in its current state' }, 400);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (payment.status === 'on_hold' || payment.status === 'failed') {
+    // The seat was released when this booking went on hold or failed - re-check
+    // capacity before confirming it directly.
     try {
       await reserveOnHoldBooking(
         ticket.eventId,
         ticketsToConfirm.map((t: any) => t.id),
         'confirmed',
         'paid',
-        { paidByAdminId: user.id }
+        {
+          paidByAdminId: user.id,
+          fromTicketStatuses:
+            payment.status === 'failed' ? ['cancelled', 'on_hold', 'pending'] : ['on_hold'],
+        }
       );
     } catch (err) {
       if (err instanceof HoldCapacityError) {
@@ -548,6 +583,87 @@ paymentsRouter.post('/:id/reactivate', requireAuth(['admin', 'organizer']), asyn
   return c.json({ payment: updated, message: 'Booking reactivated and pending admin review' });
 });
 
+// Reopen a failed payment back to pending (admin) - re-reserves the seat.
+// For when a payment was failed in error (auto-fail or rejection) and should
+// return to the normal pending flow (reminders, "I've paid", approve/reject).
+paymentsRouter.post('/:id/reopen', requireAuth(['admin', 'organizer']), zValidator('json', reopenPaymentSchema), async (c) => {
+  const id = c.req.param('id');
+  const { adminNote } = c.req.valid('json');
+
+  const payment = await dbGet<any>(
+    (db as any).select().from(payments).where(eq((payments as any).id, id))
+  );
+
+  if (!payment) {
+    return c.json({ error: 'Payment not found' }, 404);
+  }
+
+  if (payment.status !== 'failed') {
+    return c.json({ error: 'Only failed payments can be reopened' }, 400);
+  }
+
+  const ticket = await dbGet<any>(
+    (db as any).select().from(tickets).where(eq((tickets as any).id, payment.ticketId))
+  );
+  if (!ticket) {
+    return c.json({ error: 'Ticket not found' }, 404);
+  }
+
+  let ticketsToReopen: any[] = [ticket];
+  if (ticket.bookingId) {
+    ticketsToReopen = await dbAll<any>(
+      (db as any).select().from(tickets).where(eq((tickets as any).bookingId, ticket.bookingId))
+    );
+  }
+
+  // Only reopen tickets whose own payment is also failed (protects mixed bookings).
+  const bookingPayments = await dbAll<any>(
+    (db as any)
+      .select({ ticketId: (payments as any).ticketId, status: (payments as any).status })
+      .from(payments)
+      .where(inArray((payments as any).ticketId, ticketsToReopen.map((t: any) => t.id)))
+  );
+  const failedTicketIds = new Set(
+    bookingPayments.filter((p: any) => p.status === 'failed').map((p: any) => p.ticketId)
+  );
+  ticketsToReopen = ticketsToReopen.filter((t: any) => failedTicketIds.has(t.id));
+  if (ticketsToReopen.length === 0) {
+    return c.json({ error: 'Only failed payments can be reopened' }, 400);
+  }
+
+  const reopenIds = ticketsToReopen.map((t: any) => t.id);
+
+  try {
+    await reserveOnHoldBooking(
+      ticket.eventId,
+      reopenIds,
+      'pending',
+      'pending',
+      { fromTicketStatuses: ['cancelled', 'on_hold'] }
+    );
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (err instanceof HoldCapacityError) {
+      return c.json({
+        error: 'This event is now full. Your spot was released after the payment deadline passed.',
+      }, 400);
+    }
+    throw err;
+  }
+
+  if (adminNote) {
+    await (db as any)
+      .update(payments)
+      .set({ adminNote })
+      .where(inArray((payments as any).ticketId, reopenIds));
+  }
+
+  const updated = await dbGet(
+    (db as any).select().from(payments).where(eq((payments as any).id, id))
+  );
+
+  return c.json({ payment: updated, message: 'Payment reopened and set to pending' });
+});
+
 // Send payment reminder email
 paymentsRouter.post('/:id/send-reminder', requireAuth(['admin', 'organizer']), async (c) => {
   const id = c.req.param('id');

frontend/src/app/admin/payments/page.tsx

@@ -162,6 +162,22 @@ export default function AdminPaymentsPage() {
     }
   };
 
+  const handleReopen = async (payment: PaymentWithDetails) => {
+    setProcessing(true);
+    try {
+      await paymentsApi.reopen(payment.id, noteText);
+      toast.success(locale === 'es' ? 'Pago cambiado a pendiente' : 'Payment changed to pending');
+      setSelectedPayment(null);
+      setNoteText('');
+      setSendEmail(true);
+      loadData();
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      toast.error(error.message || (locale === 'es' ? 'No se pudo reabrir el pago' : 'Failed to reopen payment'));
+    } finally {
+      setProcessing(false);
+    }
+  };
+
   const handleRefund = async (id: string) => {
     if (!confirm('Are you sure you want to process this refund?')) return;
 
@@ -503,19 +519,32 @@ export default function AdminPaymentsPage() {
               </div>
             )}
 
-            <div className="flex gap-3">
-              <Button onClick={() => handleApprove(selectedPayment)} isLoading={processing} className="flex-1 min-h-[44px]">
-                <CheckCircleIcon className="w-5 h-5 mr-2" />
-                {locale === 'es' ? 'Aprobar' : 'Approve'}
-              </Button>
-              <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => handleReject(selectedPayment)} isLoading={processing}
-                className="flex-1 border-red-300 text-red-600 hover:bg-red-50 min-h-[44px]">
-                <XCircleIcon className="w-5 h-5 mr-2" />
-                {locale === 'es' ? 'Rechazar' : 'Reject'}
-              </Button>
-            </div>
+            {selectedPayment.status === 'failed' ? (
+              <div className="flex gap-3">
+                <Button onClick={() => handleApprove(selectedPayment)} isLoading={processing} className="flex-1 min-h-[44px]">
+                  <CheckCircleIcon className="w-5 h-5 mr-2" />
+                  {locale === 'es' ? 'Confirmar pago' : 'Confirm payment'}
+                </Button>
+                <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => handleReopen(selectedPayment)} isLoading={processing} className="flex-1 min-h-[44px]">
+                  <ArrowPathIcon className="w-5 h-5 mr-2" />
+                  {locale === 'es' ? 'Cambiar a pendiente' : 'Change to pending'}
+                </Button>
+              </div>
+            ) : (
+              <div className="flex gap-3">
+                <Button onClick={() => handleApprove(selectedPayment)} isLoading={processing} className="flex-1 min-h-[44px]">
+                  <CheckCircleIcon className="w-5 h-5 mr-2" />
+                  {locale === 'es' ? 'Aprobar' : 'Approve'}
+                </Button>
+                <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => handleReject(selectedPayment)} isLoading={processing}
+                  className="flex-1 border-red-300 text-red-600 hover:bg-red-50 min-h-[44px]">
+                  <XCircleIcon className="w-5 h-5 mr-2" />
+                  {locale === 'es' ? 'Rechazar' : 'Reject'}
+                </Button>
+              </div>
+            )}
 
-            {selectedPayment.status !== 'on_hold' && (
+            {!['on_hold', 'failed'].includes(selectedPayment.status) && (
               <div className="pt-2 border-t">
                 <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => handleSendReminder(selectedPayment)} isLoading={sendingReminder} className="w-full min-h-[44px]">
                   <EnvelopeIcon className="w-5 h-5 mr-2" />
@@ -980,7 +1009,7 @@ export default function AdminPaymentsPage() {
                           <td className="px-4 py-3">{getStatusBadge(payment.status)}</td>
                           <td className="px-4 py-3">
                             <div className="flex items-center justify-end gap-1">
-                              {(payment.status === 'pending' || payment.status === 'pending_approval' || payment.status === 'on_hold') && (
+                              {(payment.status === 'pending' || payment.status === 'pending_approval' || payment.status === 'on_hold' || payment.status === 'failed') && (
                                 <Button size="sm" onClick={() => setSelectedPayment(payment)} className="text-xs px-2 py-1">
                                   {locale === 'es' ? 'Revisar' : 'Review'}
                                 </Button>
@@ -1042,7 +1071,7 @@ export default function AdminPaymentsPage() {
                     <div className="flex items-center justify-between mt-2 pt-2 border-t border-gray-100">
                       <p className="text-[10px] text-gray-400">{formatDate(payment.createdAt)}</p>
                       <div className="flex items-center gap-1">
-                        {(payment.status === 'pending' || payment.status === 'pending_approval' || payment.status === 'on_hold') && (
+                        {(payment.status === 'pending' || payment.status === 'pending_approval' || payment.status === 'on_hold' || payment.status === 'failed') && (
                           <Button size="sm" onClick={() => setSelectedPayment(payment)} className="text-xs px-2.5 py-1.5 min-h-[36px]">
                             {locale === 'es' ? 'Revisar' : 'Review'}
                           </Button>

frontend/src/lib/api/payments.ts

@@ -51,4 +51,10 @@ export const paymentsApi = {
     fetchApi<{ payment: Payment; message: string }>(`/api/payments/${id}/reactivate`, {
       method: 'POST',
     }),
+
+  reopen: (id: string, adminNote?: string) =>
+    fetchApi<{ payment: Payment; message: string }>(`/api/payments/${id}/reopen`, {
+      method: 'POST',
+      body: JSON.stringify({ adminNote }),
+    }),
 };